Inclined track experiment

 

Data obtained in the classroom

Formula for finding velocity and how to find efficiency

To analyze the energy efficiency of the magnetic bumper, we conducted multiple trials using a cart released from various heights on an inclined track. By measuring the initial and rebound heights of the cart, we were able to determine its velocity before and after the collision using the equation $v = \sqrt{2gh}$. The energy efficiency of the bumper was then calculated using the ratio of the final to initial kinetic energy, given by $\text{Efficiency}={\left(\frac{v_2}{v_1}\right)}^2$

Date

Analyze

The efficiency of the magnetic bumper was found to be between 72% and 78%, indicating that about 22%–28% of the mechanical energy is lost during the collision. This loss is likely due to friction, deformation of the bumper, and air resistance. The data also show a slight trend: as the initial velocity increases, the efficiency slightly decreases, which may suggest greater energy loss at higher impact forces.

From the graphs, it can be seen that there is a slight decrease in efficiency as the initial velocity increases. This indicates that the higher the impact velocity, the more energy is lost, which may be due to increased deformation or rebound damping

Conclusion

In summary, the magnetic bumper is moderately efficient, preserving about three-quarters of the cart's kinetic energy after impact. The energy losses we observed in our experiments highlight how mechanical systems, especially those involved in collisions, dissipate energy in the form of sound, heat, or permanent deformation that is difficult to recover.

The inclined orbit device proved to be a convenient way to measure energy efficiency. Since we were able to calculate velocity from height alone, the reliance on video analysis and timing tools was minimized. However, it must be recognized that the inclined orbit creates friction, which may slightly reduce the measured efficiency compared to an ideal frictionless situation.

Our method is more straightforward in estimating energy changes using potential energy than the horizontal orbit method used for odd-numbered tables, but is slightly less accurate in isolating bumper performance alone. In summary, our data provide clear and consistent estimates of bumper efficiency and emphasize the role of friction and impact velocity in energy dissipation.